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The 'Slashed ear' symbol is the used by and other New Zealand broadcasters. The symbol was used on road signs to identify access. Closed captioning ( CC) and are both processes of displaying on a, or other visual display to provide additional or interpretive information. Both are typically used as a of the portion of a as it occurs (either or in edited form), sometimes including descriptions of non-speech elements. Other uses have been to provide a textual alternative language translation of a presentation's primary audio language that is usually burned-in (or 'open') to the video and unselectable. Defines subtitles as a 'transcription or translation of the dialogue. When sound is available but not understood' by the viewer (for example, dialogue in a foreign language) and captions as a 'transcription or translation of the dialogue, sound effects, relevant musical cues, and other relevant audio information.

When sound is unavailable or not clearly audible' (for example, when audio is muted or the viewer is deaf or ). Contents. Terminology The term 'closed' (versus 'open') indicates that the captions are not visible until activated by the viewer, usually via the or menu option. On the other hand, 'open', 'burned-in', 'baked on', or 'hard-coded' captions are visible to all viewers. Most of the world does not distinguish captions from subtitles. In the United States and Canada, however, these terms do have different meanings. 'Subtitles' assume the viewer can hear but cannot understand the language or accent, or the speech is not entirely clear, so they transcribe only dialogue and some on-screen text.

'Captions' aim to describe to the deaf and hard of hearing all significant audio content - spoken dialogue and non-speech information such as the identity of speakers and, occasionally, their manner of speaking - along with any significant or using words or symbols. Also, the term closed caption has come to be used to also refer to the North American encoding that is used with NTSC-compatible video.

The, and most other countries do not distinguish between subtitles and closed captions and use 'subtitles' as the general term. The equivalent of 'captioning' is usually referred to as 'subtitles for the hard of hearing'. Their presence is referenced on screen by notation which says 'Subtitles', or previously 'Subtitles 888' or just '888' (the latter two are in reference to the conventional channel for captions), which is why the term subtitle is also used to refer to the -based Teletext encoding that is used with PAL-compatible video. The term subtitle has been replaced with caption in a number of PAL markets that still use Teletext - such as Australia and New Zealand - that purchase large amounts of imported US material, with much of that video having had the US CC logo already superimposed over the start of it.

In New Zealand, broadcasters superimpose an ear logo with a line through it that represents subtitles for the hard of hearing, even though they are currently referred to as captions. In the UK, modern digital television services have subtitles for the majority of programs, so it is no longer necessary to highlight which have captioning and which do not.

Handsets for TVs, DVDs, and similar devices in most European markets often use 'SUB' or 'SUBTITLE' on the button used to control the display of subtitles/captions. History Open captioning Regular open-captioned broadcasts began on 's in 1972. Began open captioning of the programs, and shortly thereafter.

Technical development of closed captioning Closed captioning was first demonstrated at the First National Conference on Television for the Hearing Impaired in Nashville, Tennessee in 1971. A second demonstration of closed captioning was held at Gallaudet College (now ) on February 15, 1972, where and the demonstrated closed captions embedded within a normal broadcast of. The closed captioning system was successfully encoded and broadcast in 1973 with the cooperation of PBS station. As a result of these tests, the FCC in 1976 set aside line 21 for the transmission of closed captions. PBS engineers then developed the caption editing consoles that would be used to caption prerecorded programs.

Real-time captioning, a process for captioning live broadcasts, was developed by the in 1982. In real-time captioning, trained to write at speeds of over 225 words per minute give viewers instantaneous access to live news, sports, and entertainment. As a result, the viewer sees the captions within two to three seconds of the words being spoken. Major US producers of captions are, and the. In the UK and, itfc, and Independent Media Support are the major vendors. Improvements in software mean that live captioning may be fully or partially automated.

Broadcasts use a 'respeaker': a trained human who repeats the running commentary (with careful enunciation and some simplification and ) for input to the automated text generation system. This is generally reliable, though errors are not unknown. Full-scale closed captioning The National Captioning Institute was created in 1979 in order to get the cooperation of the commercial television networks.

The first use of regularly scheduled closed captioning on American television occurred on March 16, 1980. Had developed and sold the Telecaption adapter, a decoding unit that could be connected to a standard television set.

The first programs seen with captioning were a presentation of the film on, an airing of, and on. Legislative development in the U.S.

Until the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990, television captioning was performed by a set-top box manufactured by Sanyo Electric and marketed by the National Captioning Institute (NCI). (At that time a set-top decoder cost about as much as a TV set itself, approximately $200.) Through discussions with the manufacturer it was established that the appropriate circuitry integrated into the television set would be less expensive than the stand-alone box, and Ronald May, then a Sanyo employee, provided the expert witness testimony on behalf of Sanyo and Gallaudet University in support of the passage of the bill. On January 23, 1991, the was passed by Congress. This Act gave the (FCC) power to enact rules on the implementation of Closed Captioning.

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This Act required all analog television receivers with screens of at least 13 inches or greater, either sold or manufactured, to have the ability to display closed captioning by July 1, 1993. Also, in 1990, the (ADA) was passed to ensure equal opportunity for persons with disabilities. The ADA prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in public accommodations or commercial facilities. Title III of the ADA requires that public facilities—such as hospitals, bars, shopping centers and museums (but not movie theaters)—provide access to verbal information on televisions, films or slide shows. The expanded on the Decoder Circuity Act to place the same requirements on receivers by July 1, 2002. All TV programming distributors in the U.S.

Are required to provide closed captions for Spanish-language video programming as of January 1, 2010. 3101, the Twenty-First Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act of 2010, was passed by the United States House of Representatives in July 2010. A similar bill, S. 3304, with the same name, was passed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010, by the House of Representatives on September 28, 2010, and was signed by President on October 8, 2010.

The Act requires, in part, for -decoding set-top box remotes to have a button to turn on or off the closed captioning in the output signal. It also requires broadcasters to provide captioning for television programs redistributed on the Internet. On February 20, 2014, the FCC unanimously approved the implementation of quality standards for closed captioning, addressing accuracy, timing, completeness, and placement. This is the first time the FCC has addressed quality issues in captions. Philippines As amended by RA 10905, all TV networks in the Philippines are required to give CC.

Legislative development in Australia The government of Australia provided in 1981 for the establishment of the Australian Caption Centre (ACC) and the purchase of equipment. Captioning by the ACC commenced in 1982 and a further grant from the Australian government enabled the ACC to achieve and maintain financial self-sufficiency. The ACC, now known as, sold its commercial captioning division to in December 2005.

Red Bee Media continues to provide captioning services in Australia today. Funding development in New Zealand In 1981, held a to raise funds for Teletext-encoding equipment used for the creation and editing of text-based broadcast services for the deaf. The service came into use in 1984 with caption creation and importing paid for as part of the public broadcasting fee until the creation of the taxpayer fund, which is used to provide captioning for content, TVNZ news shows and conversion of US captions to the preferred STL format for only, and with archived captions available to and select programming. During the second half of 2012, and began providing non-Teletext DVB image-based captions on their HD service and used the same format on the satellite service, which has since caused major timing issues in relation to server load and the loss of captions from most SD DVB-S receivers, such as the ones Sky Television provides their customers. As of April 2, 2013, only the Teletext page 801 caption service will remain in use with the informational Teletext non-caption content being discontinued. Application Closed captions were created for or individuals to assist in comprehension.

They can also be used as a tool by those learning to read, learning to speak a non-native language, or in an environment where the audio is difficult to hear or is intentionally muted. Captions can also be used by viewers who simply wish to read a transcript along with the program audio. In the United States, the noted that (ESL) learners were the largest group buying decoders in the late 1980s and early 1990s before built-in decoders became a standard feature of US television sets. This suggested that the largest audience of closed captioning was people whose native language was not English. In the United Kingdom, of 7.5 million people using TV subtitles (closed captioning), 6 million have no hearing impairment. Closed captions are also used in public environments, such as bars and restaurants, where patrons may not be able to hear over the background noise, or where multiple televisions are displaying different programs.

In addition, online videos may be treated through digital processing of their audio content by various robotic algorithms (robots). Multiple chains of errors are the result. When a video is truly and accurately transcribed, then the closed-captioning publication serves a useful purpose, and the content is available for search engines to index and make available to users on the internet. Some television sets can be set to automatically turn captioning on when the volume is muted. Television and video For live programs, spoken words comprising the television program's are transcribed by a human operator (a ) using or type of machines, whose phonetic output is instantly translated into text by a computer and displayed on the screen. This technique was developed in the 1970s as an initiative of the 's service. In collaboration with the BBC, a university student took on the research project of writing the first phonetics-to-text conversion program for this purpose.

Sometimes, the captions of live broadcasts, like news bulletins, sports events, live entertainment shows, and other live shows, fall behind by a few seconds. This delay is because the machine does not know what the person is going to say next, so after the person on the show says the sentence, the captions appear. Automatic computer speech recognition now works well when trained to recognize a single voice, and so since 2003, the BBC does live subtitling by having someone re-speak what is being broadcast. Live captioning is also a form of. Meanwhile, sport events on channels like ESPN are using, using a special (steno) keyboard and individually constructed 'dictionaries.' In some cases, the transcript is available beforehand, and captions are simply displayed during the program after being edited. For programs that have a mix of pre-prepared and live content, such as, a combination of the above techniques is used.

For prerecorded programs, commercials, and home videos, audio is transcribed and captions are prepared, positioned, and timed in advance. For all types of programming, captions are 'encoded' into of the - a part of the TV picture that sits just above the visible portion and is usually unseen. For programming, three streams are encoded in the video: two are backward compatible 'line 21' captions, and the third is a set of up to 63 additional caption streams encoded in format. Captioning is modulated and stored differently in and 625 line 25 frame countries, where is used rather than in, but the methods of preparation and the line 21 field used are similar. For home and videotapes, a shift down of this line 21 field must be done due to the greater number of VBI lines used in 625 line PAL countries, though only a small minority of European PAL VHS machines support this (or any) format for closed caption recording.

Like all teletext fields, teletext captions can't be stored by a standard 625 line VHS recorder (due to the lack of field shifting support); they are available on all professional recordings due to all fields being recorded. Recorded Teletext caption fields also suffer from a higher number of caption errors due to increased number of bits and a low, especially on low-bandwidth VHS. This is why Teletext captions used to be stored separately on floppy disk to the analogue master tape.

DVDs have their own system for subtitles and/or captions that is digitally inserted in the data stream and encoded on playback in video field lines. For older televisions, a set-top box or other decoder is usually required. In the US, since the passage of the Television Decoder Circuitry Act, manufacturers of most television receivers sold have been required to include closed captioning display capability. High-definition TV sets, receivers, and are also covered, though the technical specifications are different (high-definition display screens, as opposed to high-definition TVs, may lack captioning). Canada has no similar law but receives the same sets as the US in most cases.

During transmission, single byte errors can be replaced by a white space which can appear at the beginning of the program. More byte errors during EIA-608 transmission can affect the screen momentarily, by defaulting to a real-time mode such as the 'roll up' style, type random letters on screen, and then revert to normal. Uncorrectable byte errors within the teletext page header will cause whole captions to be dropped. EIA-608, due to using only two characters per video frame, sends these captions ahead of time storing them in a second buffer awaiting a command to display them; Teletext sends these in real-time. The use of capitalization varies among caption providers. Most caption providers capitalize all words while others such as WGBH and non-US providers prefer to use mixed-case letters. There are two main styles of line 21 closed captioning:.

Roll-up or scroll-up or paint-on or scrolling: Real-time words sent in paint-on or scrolling mode appear from left to right, up to one line at a time; when a line is filled in roll-up mode, the whole line scrolls up to make way for a new line, and the line on top is erased. The lines usually appear at the bottom of the screen, but can actually be placed on any of the 14 screen rows to avoid covering graphics or action. This method is used when captioning video in real-time such as for live events, where a sequential word-by-word captioning process is needed or a pre-made intermediary file isn't available. This method is signaled on by a two-byte caption command or in Teletext by replacing rows for a roll-up effect and duplicating rows for a paint-on effect.

This allows for real-time caption line editing. A still frame showing simulated closed captioning in the pop-on style. Pop-on or pop-up or block: A caption appears on any of the 14 screen rows as a complete sentence, which can be followed by additional captions. This method is used when captions come from an intermediary file (such as the Scenarist or EBU STL file formats) for pre-taped television and film programming, commonly produced at captioning facilities. This method of captioning can be aided by digital scripts or voice recognition software, and if used for live events, would require a video delay to avoid a large delay in the captions' appearance on-screen, which occurs with Teletext-encoded live subtitles. Caption formatting Access Services and Red Bee Media for BBC and Australia example: I got the machine ready. ENGINE STARTING (speeding away) UK IMS for ITV and Sky example: (man) I got the machine ready.

(engine starting) US WGBH Access Services example: MAN: I got the machine ready. (engine starting) US example: I GOT THE MACHINE READY. US other provider example: I GOT THE MACHINE READY. engine starting US in-house real-time roll-up example: Man: I GOT THE MACHINE READY.

engine starting Non-US in-house real-time roll-up example: MAN: I got the machine ready. (ENGINE STARTING) Syntax For real-time captioning done outside of captioning facilities, the following syntax is used:. ' (two prefixed ) indicates a change in single speaker. Sometimes appended with the speaker's name in alternate case, followed by a. ' (three prefixed greater-than signs) indicates a change in news story or multiple speakers.

Styles of syntax that are used by various captioning producers:. Capitals indicate main on-screen dialogue and the name of the speaker. Legacy home caption decoder fonts had no on lowercase letters. Outside North America, capitals with background coloration indicate a song title or sound effect description. Outside North America, capitals with black or no background coloration indicates when a word is stressed or emphasized. Descenders indicate background sound description and off-screen dialogue.

Most modern caption producers, such as, now use for both on-screen and off-screen dialogue. '-' (a prefixed dash) indicates a change in single speaker (used by ).

Words in indicate when a word is stressed or emphasized and when real world names are quoted. Italics and are only supported. Some North American providers use this for narrated dialogue. Text coloration indicates captioning credits and sponsorship.

Occasionally, it is for a effect for music videos on. In Ceefax/Teletext countries, it indicates a change in single speaker in place of '. Some Teletext countries use coloration to indicate when a word is stressed or emphasized. Coloration is limited to white, green, blue, cyan, red, yellow and magenta. UK order of use for text is white, green, cyan, yellow; and backgrounds is black, red, blue, magenta, white. US order of use for text is white, yellow, cyan, green; and backgrounds is black, blue, red, magenta, white. or indicate a song title or sound effect description.

indicate speaker's vocal pitch e.g., (man), (woman), (boy) or (girl). Outside North America, indicate a silent on-screen action. A pair of is used to bracket a line of to indicate singing. A pair of eighth notes on a line of no text are used during a section of instrumental music.

Outside North America, a single is used on a line of to indicate singing. An additional musical notation character is appended to the end of the last line of lyrics to indicate the song's end. As the symbol is unsupported by /, a - which resembles a musical - is substituted. Technical aspects There were many shortcomings in the original Line 21 specification from a standpoint, since, for example, it lacked many of the characters required for captioning in languages other than English. Since that time, the core Line 21 character set has been expanded to include quite a few more characters, handling most requirements for languages common in North and South America such as, and, though those extended characters are not required in all decoders and are thus unreliable in everyday use.

The problem has been almost eliminated with a market specific full set of Western European characters and a private adopted Norpak extension for South Korean and Japanese markets. The full standard for digital television has worldwide character set support, but there has been little use of it due to Teletext dominating countries, which has its own extended character sets. Captions are often edited to make them easier to read and to reduce the amount of text displayed onscreen.

This editing can be very minor, with only a few occasional unimportant missed lines, to severe, where virtually every line spoken by the actors is condensed. The measure used to guide this editing is words per minute, commonly varying from 180 to 300, depending on the type of program. Offensive words are also captioned, but if the program is censored for TV broadcast, the broadcaster might not have arranged for the captioning to be edited or censored also.

The 'TV Guardian', a television, is available to parents who wish to censor offensive language of programs-the video signal is fed into the box and if it detects an offensive word in the captioning, the audio signal is bleeped or muted for that period of time. Caption channels. A touting CC1 and CC3 captions (on ) The Line 21 data stream can consist of data from several data channels together.

Odd field 1 can have four data channels: two separate synchronized captions (CC1, CC2) with caption-related text, such as website (T1, T2). Even field 2 can have five additional data channels: two separate synchronized captions (CC3, CC4) with caption related text (T3, T4), and (XDS) for Now/Next details. XDS data structure is defined in CEA-608. As CC1 and CC2 share bandwidth, if there is a lot of data in CC1, there will be little room for CC2 data and is generally only used for the primary audio captions. Similarly, CC3 and CC4 share the second even field of line 21.

Since some early caption decoders supported only single field decoding of CC1 and CC2, captions for in a second language were often placed in CC2. This led to bandwidth problems, however, and the current U.S.

(FCC) recommendation is that bilingual programming should have the second caption language in CC3. Many Spanish television networks such as and, for example, provides for many of its Spanish programs in CC3. Canadian broadcasters use CC3 for French translated SAPs, which is also a similar practice in South Korea and Japan. Ceefax and Teletext can have a larger number of captions for other languages due to the use of multiple VBI lines.

However, only European countries used a second subtitle page for second language audio tracks where either the dual mono or were used. Digital television interoperability issues Americas The US system originally specified two different kinds of closed captioning datastream standards: the original analog-compatible (available by ) and the more modern digital-only formats are delivered within the video stream. The US FCC mandates that broadcasters deliver (and generate, if necessary) both datastream formats with the CEA-708 format merely a conversion of the Line 21 format.

The Canadian has not mandated that broadcasters either broadcast both datastream formats or exclusively in one format. Most broadcasters and networks to avoid large conversion cost outlays just provide captions along with a transcoded version encapsulated within packets. Incompatibility issues with digital TV Many viewers find that when they acquire a digital television or set-top box they are unable to view closed caption (CC) information, even though the broadcaster is sending it and the TV is able to display it. Originally, CC information was included in the picture ('line 21') via a composite video input, but there is no equivalent capability in digital video interconnects (such as DVI and HDMI) between the display and a 'source'. A 'source', in this case, can be a DVD player or a terrestrial or cable digital television receiver.

When CC information is encoded in the MPEG-2 data stream, only the device that decodes the MPEG-2 data (a source) has access to the closed caption information; there is no standard for transmitting the CC information to a display monitor separately. Thus, if there is CC information, the source device needs to overlay the CC information on the picture prior to transmitting to the display over the interconnect's video output. Many source devices do not have the ability to overlay CC information, for controlling the CC overlay can be complicated. For example, the Motorola DCT-5xxx and -6xxx cable set-top receivers have the ability to decode CC information located on the MPEG-2 stream and overlay it on the picture, but turning CC on and off requires turning off the unit and going into a (it is not on the standard configuration menu and it cannot be controlled using the remote). Historically, DVD players, VCRs and set-top tuners did not need to do this overlaying, since they simply passed this information on to the TV, and they are not mandated to perform this overlaying.

Many modern digital television receivers can be directly connected to cables, but often cannot receive scrambled channels that the user is paying for. Thus, the lack of a standard way of sending CC information between components, along with the lack of a mandate to add this information to a picture, results in CC being unavailable to many hard-of-hearing and deaf users. UK/Australia The -based teletext systems are the source for closed captioning signals, thus when teletext is embedded into or the closed captioning signal is included. However, for DVB-T and DVB-S, it is not necessary for a teletext page signal to also be present (, for example, does not carry analogue teletext signals on Sky Digital, but does carry the embedded version, accessible from the 'Services' menu of the receiver, or more recently by turning them off/on from a mini menu accessible from the 'help' button). New Zealand In New Zealand, captions use an -based teletext system on broadcasts via satellite and with the exception of channels who completely switched to DVB subtitles in 2012 on both Freeview satellite and broadcasts, this decision was made based on the practice of using this format on only broadcasts (aka Freeview HD).

This made composite video connected TVs incapable of decoding the captions on their own. Also, these pre-rendered subtitles use classic caption style opaque backgrounds with an overly large font size and obscure the picture more than the more modern, partially transparent backgrounds. Main article: A captioned telephone is a that displays real-time captions of the current conversation. The captions are typically displayed on a screen embedded into the telephone base. Media monitoring services In the United States especially, most capture and index closed captioning text from news and public affairs programs, allowing them to search the text for client references. The use of closed captioning for television news monitoring was pioneered by Universal Press Clipping Bureau (Universal Information Services) in 1992and later in 1993 by Tulsa-based NewsTrak of Oklahoma (later known as Broadcast News of Mid-America, acquired by pioneer Medialink Worldwide Incorporated in 1997).

US patent 7,009,657 describes a 'method and system for the automatic collection and conditioning of closed caption text originating from multiple geographic locations' as used by news monitoring services. Conversations Software programs are now available that automatically generate a closed-captioning of conversations. Examples of such conversations include discussions in conference rooms, classroom lectures, and/or religious services. Non-linear video editing systems and closed captioning In 2010, the professional non-linear editor, was updated to support importing, editing, and delivering closed captions. Vegas Pro 10, released on October 11, 2010, added several enhancements to the closed captioning support. TV-like CEA-608 closed captioning can now be displayed as an overlay when played back in the Preview and Trimmer windows, making it easy to check placement, edits, and timing of CC information.

CEA708 style Closed Captioning is automatically created when the CEA-608 data is created. Line 21 closed captioning is now supported, as well as HD-SDI closed captioning capture and print from AJA and cards. Line 21 support provides a workflow for existing legacy media. Other improvements include increased support for multiple closed captioning file types, as well as the ability to export closed caption data for DVD Architect, YouTube, RealPlayer, QuickTime, and Windows Media Player.

In mid-2009, released version 7 and began support for inserting closed caption data into SD and HD tape masters via and compatible video capture cards. Up until this time, it was not possible for video editors to insert caption data with both and to their tape masters. The typical workflow included first printing the SD or HD video to a tape and sending it to a professional closed caption service company that had a stand-alone closed caption hardware encoder. This new closed captioning workflow known as involves making a proxy video from the non-linear system to import into a third-party non-linear closed captioning software. Once the closed captioning software project is completed, it must export a closed caption file compatible with the. In the case of Final Cut Pro 7, three different file formats can be accepted: a.SCC file (Scenarist Closed Caption file) for Standard Definition video, a 608 closed caption track (a special 608 coded track in the.mov file wrapper) for standard-definition video, and finally a QuickTime 708 closed caption track (a special 708 coded track in the.mov file wrapper) for high-definition video output. Alternatively, video systems devised another mechanism for inserting closed caption data by allowing the video editor to include CEA-608 and CEA-708 in a discrete audio channel on the video editing timeline.

This allows real-time preview of the captions while editing and is compatible with Final Cut Pro 6 and 7. Other non-linear editing systems indirectly support closed captioning only in Standard Definition line-21. Video files on the editing timeline must be composited with a line-21 VBI graphic layer known in the industry as a 'blackmovie' with closed caption data. Alternately, video editors working with the DV25 and DV50 firewire workflows must encode their DV.avi or.mov file with VAUX data which includes CEA-608 closed caption data. Logo The current and most familiar logo for closed captioning consists of two (for 'closed captioned') inside a television screen. It was created. The other logo, by the, is that of a simple geometric rendering of a merged with the tail of a; two such versions exist – one with a tail on the left, the other with a tail on the right.

See also. (captioner), an occupation. (SAMI) file format. (SMIL) file format References. Archived from on 2011-07-19. 2 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

^ July 19, 2011, at the. Gannon, Jack. Deaf Heritage-A Narrative History of Deaf America.

Silver Spring, MD: National Association of the Deaf, pp. 384-387. 'Today on TV', Chicago Daily Herald, March 11, 1980, Section 2-5. Retrieved 2013-03-28.

Retrieved 2013-03-28. Alex Varley (June 2008). Australia: Media Access Australia. Pp. 12, 18, 43. Retrieved 2009-02-07. Australia: Media Access Australia. Retrieved 2009-02-07.

Australia: Red Bee Media Australia Pty Limited. Archived from on June 13, 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-07. Ofcom, UK: Television access services June 1, 2010, at the.

Alex Varley (June 2008). Australia: Media Access Australia. Retrieved 2009-01-29. The use of captions and audio description is not limited to deaf and blind people.

Captions can be used in situations of 'temporary' deafness, such as watching televisions in public areas where the sound has been turned down (commonplace in America and starting to appear more in Australia). Mayor's Disability Council (May 16, 2008). City and County of San Francisco. Retrieved 2009-01-29. That television receivers located in any part of a facility open to the general public have closed captioning activated at all times when the facility is open and the television receiver is in use. Alex Varley (April 18, 2005).

Department of Justice. Retrieved 2009-01-29.will have closed captioning operating in all public areas where there are televisions with closed captioning; televisions in public areas without built-in closed captioning capability will be replaced with televisions that have such capability. Archived from on 2008-09-01. Retrieved 2008-05-31.

Wszystkie odcinki Rancza seriale online, seriale hd, filmy. 1 Ayo Technology 3:38 2 Upon The Catwalk 3:11 3 Treat Me Like A Lady 3:41 4 Shut Your Mouth 3:12 5 Now I Know You 3:19 6 Ultrasonic 3:18 7 No Strings Attached 3:12 8 Burn It Down 3:48 9 Some Boys Some Guys 3:23 10 Loose My Mind 3:23 11 He`s Not Like You 3:38 12 Lazy Sunday 3:52 13 Don`t Put It On Me 3:00. Ranczo sezon 1.

ATSC Closed Captioning FAQ. Jim Taylor.

Archived from on 2009-08-22. Jim Taylor. Archived from on 2009-08-22. MKPE Consulting LLC. Washington Post. October 3, 2008. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

Retrieved 20 July 2015. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 20 July 2015.

Robson, Gary (1998). Official YouTube Blog. Nam, Tammy H. '., June 24, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2015. Official YouTube Blog. For example,.

(April 2010): the Vegas Pro 9.0d update. This article needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2007) Sources. Realtime Captioning. The VITAC Way by Amy Bowlen and Kathy DiLorenzo (no ISBN). Closed Captioning: Subtitling, Stenography, and the Digital Convergence of Text with Television by Gregory J.

Downey ( ). The Closed Captioning Handbook by ( ). Alternative Realtime Careers: A Guide to Closed Captioning and CART for Court Reporters by ( ). A New Civil Right: Telecommunications Equality for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Americans by Karen Peltz Strauss ( ). Enabling The Disabled by Michael Karagosian (no ISBN) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.From the Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau. at Curlie (based on ).From the Clearinghouse for ESL Literacy Education, Washington D.C.