Essential Linguistics Freeman Pdf Download
Essential linguistics Chap 3 part 1 Graphic Organizer. 1.
The bestselling first edition of Essential Linguistics presented the basic concepts of linguistics in everyday language, and showed the connections between linguistic theory and classroom practice. David and Yvonne Freeman make the Second Edition even more valuable by: clearly explaining English phonology, morphology, and syntax and the implications for teaching.
Essential Linguistics by Davide E. Freemand & Yvonne S. Freeman Chapter 3 - “English Phonology” Graphic Organizer - Part I Sheila Cook. Human Communication In order to communicate, humans send verbal messages back and forth between each other where both the speaker and listener must encode and decode. However, we must do more than that.
We must also fill in the gaps between missing information by making inferences. Furthermore, we must infer if what is being said is literal or nonliteral, direct or indirect. Because our L1 is English, we typically carry out these tasks without much thought. (Freeman & Freeman, 49-51). Why Use Sound to Communicate?
It is the most practical way for us as humans to communicate. It keeps our hands free. We can speak to others even when we are in separate rooms.
Essential Linguistics Freeman Pdf Download Online
You don’t need to see the person you are talking to in order to be heard (ex: the dark). (Freeman & Freeman, 51). It has been proven that when we speak, our rhythm of respiration is “radically different from the rhythm of respiration during normal breathing” (Freeman & Freeman, 51). It is actually “one of the greatest distortions” of our breathing rate. However, we constantly are speaking and our bodies simply adjust themselves accordingly, without the speaker even being consciously aware of this.
(Freeman & Freeman, 51). The Complexity of Sound Production “ During normal communication, humans produce an average of eight phonemes per second” (Freeman & Freeman, 52). A phoneme is a distinctive, meaningful sound Several creatures make sound, but humans can understand and create a meaning based on these sounds. (Freeman & Freeman, 52). Using Linguistic Concepts to Evaluate Methods of Teaching People to Communicate Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
There are different kinds of Linguists: Historical Linguists - how language has changed over time Sociolinguists - how people use language to communicate in social settings Neurolinguists - language and the brain and the study of phonology, morphology or syntax (Freeman & Freeman, 53). English Phonology Here are some important definitions: Phonetics - the study of sounds across language Phonology - the study of the sound used by speakers of a particular language Phoneme - a sound that makes a difference in meaning in a language (Freeman & Freeman, 53-54). What sounds function as phonemes? Scientists figure this out by selecting two words in a language that are off by only one sound. For example, the /p/ and /b/ sounds.
Because the words “Pet” and “Bet” are only off by one sounds, the /p/ and /b/ respectively, we can deduce that both sounds are phonemes. “ No language has a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters” (Freeman & Freeman, 54). Letters can represent different sounds, and different letters can represent the same sound. (Freeman & Freeman, 54). Regardless of how many letters it takes in a language to create a sounds, when it is described using phonemic transcription each sound is represented by only one letter.
Example: The “sh” sound in shopping is described in IPA using the symbol: ʃ Note: IPA is the International Phonetic Alphabet. It is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation not phonemic transcription. Phonemes are described by the place and manner of articulation and how the phonemes are used. “ Phonemes are perceptions, not physical units” (Freeman & Freeman, 55).
(Freeman & Freeman, 54-55). The Physiology of Speech The spoken word of all languages is formed by changes in the vocal tract - the area between the vocal cords and lips. Regardless of language, speech travels in this pattern: Lungs Glottal Region (contains vocal cords) Through Pharynz Into the Oral Cavity and comes out as sound When the vocal cords, contained in the glottal region, are brought close together the air passing through causes them to vibrate. When this happens, the sound is said to be voiced When the vocal cords do not vibrate, the sound is said to be voiceless. (Freeman & Freeman, 55). Syllabics vs.
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Nonsyllabics If the flow of air from the pharynx and into the oral cavity is not constricted or stopped, a vowel sound is produced. Vowel sounds are also referred to as syllabics because each syllable must contain a vowel. Conversely, consonant sounds are called nonsyllabics. These sounds are produced when the air flow is in some way restricted. In the English language, we can only have up to 3 nonsyllabics in a row.
Ex: str eam.Note: “consonants” and “vowels” refer to sounds not letters (Freeman & Freeman, 55). (Freeman & Freeman, 54). English Vowels English vowels can be short, long, or reduced. Short Vowels are also called Lax Vowels See Freeman & Freeman p. 57 for chart Long Vowels are also called Tense Vowels Diphthongs, a type of long vowel, are made by starting with a vowel and adding a glide. See Freeman & Freeman p. 58 for chart Reduced Vowels These are produced with weaker air flow See Freeman & Freeman p.
59 for chart When we change the shape of our vocal tract, we form the different vowels. (Freeman & Freeman, 57-59). A Note This presentation is continued in Andrea Derr’s blog. This can be found at:. Citations Freeman, D. & Freeman, Y.
Essential linguistics: what you need to know to teach. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
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More Linguistics is much more than a study reserved for academicians. Linguistics has real-life applications to effective teaching-now more than ever. With the increased emphasis on phonemic awareness and phonics in the teaching of reading, teachers need to understand how language works. When teachers are familiar with basic linguistic concepts, they are better prepared to make decisions about how to teach reading, spelling, phonics, and grammar to all students, including English language learners.In this unique linguistics course-in-a-book, David and Yvonne Freeman explain essential linguistic concepts in a thorough, but manageable manner and show the connections between linguistic theory and classroom practice. They demonstrate that the greater a teacher’s understanding of basic language structures and processes, the easier it is to make good decisions on tough topics like phonics, spelling, and grammar. They present:. the basic concepts of linguistics in everyday language.
examples and activities that apply linguistics concepts to teaching reading, spelling, phonics, and grammar to all students, including English language learners. end-of-chapter applications that link linguistic theory and classroom practice.Understand more about how language works, then use that knowledge to help your students learn. Turn prescriptive approaches into linguistic investigations. Get yourself and your students hooked on linguistics.